What are Pranayama Breathing Exercises in Yoga Therapy?

A pranayama table developed within the yoga therapy approach, presenting the physical and energetic effects of breathing techniques, breath ratios, and safe practice durations.

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In the yoga therapy approach, pranayama is not limited to breathing techniques alone; it addresses nervous system regulation, energy balance, mental states, and bodily systems. Therefore, not every pranayama technique is suitable for every individual or situation.

The table in this article presents foundational pranayama techniques—such as Bhastrika, Kapalabhati, Ujjayi, Anulom Vilom, Nadi Shodhana, Bhramari, Surya Bheda, Chandra Bheda, and Sitali/Sitkari—along with their direction of effect, breath ratio, and recommended practice parameters.

The Relationship Between Pranayama and the Nervous System

Pranayama practices have a direct influence on the autonomic nervous system. Certain breathing techniques have a stimulating or activating (warming) effect, while others promote calming, cooling, and parasympathetic support.

For this reason, pranayama selection in yoga therapy considers the following factors together:

• The individual’s nervous system state

• Breathing capacity

• Energy level

• Current physiological and mental needs

Pranayama Chart from a Yoga Therapy Perspective

This chart presents pranayama breathing practices comparatively under the following headings:

• Pranayama technique

• Brief application summary

• Direction of effect (heating, cooling, balancing)

• Breath ratio

• Number of breaths per round

• Minimum recommended practice duration

This structure aims to clarify the relationship between appropriate breathing technique, correct timing, and therapeutic effect within yoga therapy practice.

Pranayama, the Kosha System, and Energy Layers

Pranayama practices influence not only the physical body but also the Annamaya, Pranamaya, Manomaya, Vijnanamaya, and Anandamaya kosha layers.

As the rhythm and direction of breathing change, the following are directly affected:

• Mental fluctuations

• Energy flow

• Emotional regulation

For this reason, pranayama is considered a central therapeutic tool in yoga therapy.

How Should This Table Be Used?

This table is not intended as a diagnostic or treatment tool. It has been prepared as an informative and guiding resource within the yoga therapy framework.

Pranayama practices should always be adapted to the individual. Personal assessment is especially important for individuals with chronic conditions, a history of trauma, or advanced breathing practices.